I am decribing the lentils and other small dry legumes, as opposed to small phaseolus beans (including black turtle beans). Such legumes are commonly sold as dry grain; some canned lentils are available. Some were sold in bulk food stores and as bulk foods in grocery stores. The availability of bulk products was affected in 2020 by the Covid-19 epidemic.
Lentils and other small legumes are almost inedible to humans without cooking. The hulls are hard and have to be removed mechnically, or softened by cooking. The seeds are dry and hard and have to be softened by cooking. Many recipes reduce split and hulled legumes to a gruel. Recipes for whole legumes may specify a legume with a hull that softens rapidly such as a French lentil. Other recipes for whole small legumes require long cooking – e.g. the urad bean. The seeds have to be flavoured, often by an infusion of other plants including peppers. Meat and vegetables can be cooked with legumes for nutrition or flavour. Some recipes cook small legumes in a sauce. South Asian dal recipes may require a tarka – a sauce of spices friend in oil or ghee (clarified butter) be added to cooked legumes and other ingredients. Some recipes pre-cook small legumes, and cook the legumes with other ingredients in soup, sauce or stew.
Lentils (Lens culinaris and related species) have several varieties which look different and cook differently. Brown lentils cook (get soft in boiling or simmering temperature water) faster. Green lentils take longer and taste different. Some of the differences in cooking time are shortened or can be ignored with pressure cookers and slow cookers. Recipes may suggest soaking some small legumes, but soaking is often left out.
The interior parts of brown lentils are reddish pink and can be hulled and processed into red lentils. Some exporters, wholesalers and retailers refer to brown lentils as red lentils. Some Green and brown/crimson lentils grown in the US (Pacific Northwest, Eastern Washington, Northern Idaho) and Western Canada are larger than other lentils. Canadian growers mainly grow green culinaris lentils of the Laird, Richlea and Eston varieties, and a large crimson lentil (Lens esculanta).
Whole green and brown lentils and red/pink/salmon lentils grown in the US or Canada were widely available in grocery stores before Covid-19. Whole brown lentils were popular in stores in the US but not as common in Canada. The availability and presentation began to vary during the pandemic. Black lentils, small lentils that cook brown, were and are a specialized product, remained available in some channels. Other small dry legumes could be available in stores specializing in selling supplies for South Asian, Middle Eastern, North Afican, or regional European cuisines or health themed stores including vegetarian/vegan.
| Legume, English/Euro name(s) | South Asian | Condition | Appearance | |
| Dry | Cooked | |||
| dark chickpea | chana dal (duhli) | split, hulled | yellow | |
| pigeon pea | toor dal (duhli) | split, hulled | yellow | |
| moong bean, mung bean | (sabut) moong dal | whole | green | |
| moong bean | moong dal (duhli) | split, hulled | yellow | yellow |
| urad bean black bean | (sabut) urad dal | whole | black | black |
| urad bean | urad dal (duhli) | split, hulled | white | |
| brown (spanish or german) lentil | (sabut) masoor dal | whole | brown | brown |
| red, pink, salmon lentil | masoor dal (duhli) | hulled and split | red | yellow |
| crimson lentil | hulled and/or split | red, large | yellow | |
| green lentil | whole | pale green | ||
| French green lentil Lentil de Puys | whole | dark green, speckled | ||
| black or beluga lentil | whole | black | brown |
The modern kitchen provides several options for cooking dry legumes. all involving cooking in water at a boil or simmer. There are recipes to simmer small legumes in ceramic tagines and other ceramic vessels. Few cooks have such tools. On a stove, in a metal vessel, sources favour bringing the water to a rolling boil and backing off to gentlly boiling, braising or steady simmering. Cooks judge simmer or gentle boil differently. Stove and pots perform differently. Beans may be old.
Traditional slow cooker recipes for usually start from dry (unsoaked) legumes. Traditional slow cooker recipes work in pressure multi-cookers such as Instant Pots in the slow cooker program, with adjustments. There are Instant Pot and pressure multi-cooker recipes for the slow cooker program. Electric pressure cooker and pressure multi-cooker pressure program recipes also usually start from dry (unsoaked legumes). The cooking times are at pressure, and do not estimate or count the time for the machine to preheat to pressure. The release of pressure has to be natural (i.e. about 15 – 20 minutes). Slow cookers, pressure cooker and pressure multi-cookers can pre-cook dry legumes, or cook a recipe using dry legumes in a sauce or stew.
Sources provide a range of cooking times (minutes unless other unit noted):
| Legume/Dal | Source | Simmer | Slow cooker | Electric Pressure |
| Brown, Green, French Green or Black (beluga) lentil | How to Cook Everything and, How to Cook Everything Vegetarian, Mark Bittman | 20-30 test and cook longer depending on tenderness | ||
| brown lentil | Italian Vegetarian Cookbook (1997), Jack Bishop | 25-35 | ||
| brown lentil | Pakistani & North Indian Cooking (2015), S. Abbas Razza | 45 | ||
| brown or green lentil | 366 Delicious Ways to Cook Rice, Beans and Grains (1998), Andrea Chesman | 25-40 | ||
| brown or green lentil | Easy Beans (1994), Tish Ross and Jacqueline Trafford | 30-40; 1-2 hrs for soups | ||
| green lentil | At Home with Madhur Jaffrey (1973), Madhur Jaffrey | 40 | ||
| brown lentil | The Indian Slow Cooker (2nd ed. 2018), Anupy Singla | Low; 3 hrs | ||
| brown or green lentil | Hip Pressure Cooking (2014), Laura Pazzaglia | High 12-14 | ||
| brown or green lentil | Vegan Under Pressure (2016), Jill Nusinow | High 6 | ||
| red lentil | 366 Delicious Ways to Cook Rice, Beans and Grains (1998), Andrea Chesman | 15 | ||
| red lentil | At Home with Madhur Jaffrey (1973), Madhur Jaffrey | 40-45 | ||
| red lentil | Indian for Everyone (2014), Anupy Singla; The Indian Slow Cooker (2nd ed. 2018), Anupy Singla | 12 + final boil | Low; 3-6 hrs | |
| red lentil | The Complete Slow Cooker (2017), America’s Test Kitchen | High; 2-3 hrs Low; 3-4 hrs | ||
| red lentil | Hip Pressure Cooking (2014), Laura Pazzaglia | High 1 | ||
| red lentil | Vegan Under Pressure (2016), Jill Nusinow | High 6 + | ||
| toor dal (duhli) | At Home with Madhur Jaffrey (1973), Madhur Jaffrey | 1 hr + | ||
| chana dal, toor dal (duhli), | Indian for Everyone (2014), Anupy Singla; The Indian Slow Cooker (2nd ed. 2018), Anupy Singla | *soaked 2-4 hrs, 25-60 | High; 6 hrs | |
| sabut moong dal | Indian for Everyone (2014), Anupy Singla; The Indian Slow Cooker (2nd ed. 2018), Anupy Singla | 25-30 | Low; 2 ⅟₂ hrs | |
| moong bean | Hip Pressure Cooking (2014), Laura Pazzaglia | High 7-8 | ||
| sabat urad dal | Indian for Everyone (2014), Anupy Singla; The Indian Slow Cooker (2nd ed. 2018), Anupy Singla | 1 ⅟₂ hrs | High; 8 hrs | |
| moong dal duhli | At Home with Madhur Jaffrey (1973), Madhur Jaffrey | 45 | ||
| “yellow split” lentil | Hip Pressure Cooking (2014), Laura Pazzaglia | High 1 |