Bread machine loaves, comparing to the descriptions of baking pans for ovens:
| Flour | Bread Machine | Bread Machine | Oven Pan | Oven Pan | Oven Pan |
| 2 cups | Small | 1 pound | |||
| 3 cups | Medium | 1.5 pound | 1 pound | 8 x 4 x 2½ inches (20½ x 10 x 6½ cm.) | 1333 cubic cm. |
| 4 cups | Large | 2 pound | 2 pound | 9 x 5 x 2 3/4 inches (23 x 13 x 7 cm.) | 2093 cubic cm. |
| XL | 2.5 pound |
There are 1 lb. bread machines, including Zojirushi models and Panasonic models – not necessarily available in USA or Canada. 1.5 lb. machines were common; 2 lbs. is a common size; some are 2.5 or 3 lb. Some large and extra large machines have control settings (progams) or recipes for medium loaves. A 2 lb. or 2.5 lb. machine will bake a 1.5 lb. loaf. The ingredients for a 1.5 lb. loaf produce 75% of the dough in a 2 lb. recipe. The dough will only overflow the pan if overleavened. The machine will bake the dough in the normal bake programs.
The ingredients, mixed and kneaded, form a ball. Dough has to be elastic to hold up as the dough ferments and rises. Elasticity is the reason that bread machine bake programs can’t produce the shapes and crust of country/artisan loaves. The dough for a loaf baked in the oven is shaped into a mass shorter and narrower than the pan. The dough ball is usually in the middle of the pan at the end of the knead. The dough flows as it rises; the dough ball slumps horizontally. The dough for medium and small loaves will reach the side walls, but not necessarily the ends by the end of the rise. The loaf will flow and rise or spring for the first 20 – 30 minutes of baking. A medium loaf should reach the ends, but may not push into the corners. Most bread machine recipes make dough viscous and extensible enough to flow in the bottom of the pan and rise reasonably uniformly. The dough will gather at one end of the pan. When a dough ball at one end of the pan fails to flow enough, the loaf rises more at that end and bakes into a sloping loaf in a bake program in a bread machine. It leads to loaves that slope along the top in a medium loaf. This effect occurs in all machines that have a base that is longer than it is wide. This effect is more pronounced with small loaves.
A 1 lb. dough ball is too small to fill the base of a large or extra large pan. A true “small” loaf recipe (half of a 4 cup/2 lb./large loaf recipe or 2/3 of a 3 cup/1.5 lb. medium recipe) baked in large pan will be edible and palatable, but it will bake in odd shapes. A smaller loaf is possible with constraints.
I made smaller loaves in a Panasonic SD-YD250, the machine I owned and used 2016-2020:
- tall vertical rectangle pan, single paddle dead centre, bottom of pan;
- 550 watt motor that runs for 50-60% of the time in a 25 minute +/- mixing phase on a medium loaf setting;
- 550 watt element, about 1 cm below the bottom of the pan. A small loaf develops hot spots around the base of the pan but is not burned;
- 266 square cm. pan: 19 cm (7.5 inches) by 14 cm (5.5 inches);
- 1 paddle, central:
- 6 cm long, radially;
- 2.6 cm high, rising to a fin 5 cm tall;
- The paddle is deep in the loaf, but a small loaf rises and springs to a height of 7.5 cm or more, and clears the paddle;
- Control settings (programs), and recipes for medium, large and extra-large
- No custom programs;
- No Pause button; Power interrupt by unplugging – 10 minutes to resume cycle.
I got a Zojirushi Virtuoso 2 lb. machine in 2020. (it is similiar to other Zojirushi post-2016 2 lb. machines – Virtuoso Plus, Home Bakery Supreme). I made medium loaves in that machine; it will bake a smaller loaf:
- horizontal pan, dual paddles on the long axis,
- 100 watt motor;
- 286 square cm. pan: 22 cm (9 inches) by 13 cm (5 inches);
- 2 paddles 11 cm apart. Each is 5.5 cm off centre along the long axis, down the centre. Each paddle is:
- 6 cm. long,
- 1.2 cm high – 2.9 cm high at a fin;
- Two elements:
- 600 watt main element, about 1 cm below the bottom of the pan;
- 40 watt lid heater;
- No control settings (programs) for medium or small loaves. The manuals have a few recipes for medium loaves to be baked using the programs for large loaves;
- No Pause button. Pause knead by raising lid.
The medium loaf baked in the Panasonic could not be stored in a 10″ x 14″ plastic storage bag. It was too fat. The longer Zojirushi loaf fits into such a bag without jamming and tearing the bag. Plastic bags are used by bakeries and grocers for sliced bread which has a thin soft crust. A bread machine loaf does not need the same wrapping, but needs some protection. Plastic bags keep loaves from drying out although they do not prevent mould or keep bread from going stale. Metal breadboxes with loose doors and lids are convenient but too loose too keep bread from drying out. I don’t want a new ceramic bread storage container, an accessory suggested on some sites. An article published at thespruceeats.com makes some sensible suggestions, unfortunately tending toward reorganizing or making over the kitchen. I have alternatives. I have some a metal tin with lid – it was a container for potato chips as sold in the 1950s and early 1960s. My mother used it to store flour, rolled oats and sugar. Old cookie tins are too small, but this might hold a loaf or two. I have a Tupperware 23 cup (5.5 liter) plastic box with a hinged sealed lid. I think it was a factory production container for bread machine loaves. There are plastic food storage boxes on the market that will hold a loaf of bread.
A medium loaf may get stale before I can use it all, and freezing does not appeal to me. There are advantages to making a smaller loaf.
The way to mix a smaller loaf is to scale down the amount of ingredients. The first step to adjusting a recipe is get a scale by reference to total flour; by recipe size (volume); e.g. 3 cups (medium) to 2 (small): 2/3. In both machines it was better to try for 60% of a large recipe or 75-85% of a medium recipe. This will flow across the bottom of the pan and produce a reasonable size loaf with most recipes. I rewrote recipes for 80-85% of medium (56-64% of a large recipe). This produces a loave that fillseither style large pan from size to side, and is not too tall. It may not reach both ends.
Almost all home baking recipes list all ingredients by volume. Many bread machine recipes do too. Measurement of flour, water, yeast and salt by volume is imprecise. The most precise way to scale is by weight. I weigh flour and water in a bowl or measuring cup; I reset the scale to zero after putting the empty measuring vessel on the scale. A scale that goes to 1 gram is precise enough for flour and water. The volume measurements of salt and yeast for small loaves are fractions of a teaspoon. I use a scale that goes to 0.1 grams.
Converting a recipe from volume to weight and scaling from volume is possible, with careful calculation.
For yeast, I refer to my own conversion chart, which compares the volume of active dry yeast and instant dry yeast and converts either to weight in grams:
| Active tsp | Instant tsp | Grams |
|---|---|---|
| 2.5 | 6 | |
| 2 | 5.6 | |
| 2.25 | 5.4 | |
| 2 | 4.8 | |
| 1.75 | 1.5 | 4.2 |
| 1.5 | 3.6 | |
| 1.25 | 3 | |
| 1 | 2.8 | |
| 1 | .86 | 2.4 |
| .75 | 2.1 | |
| .5 | 1.4 | |
| .5 | 1.2 | |
| .25 | .6 |
Recipes almost always refer to ordinary table salt, which is 5.7 grams per teaspoon. I refer to my own conversions or use a calculator:
| Tsp. (fraction) | Tsp. (decimal) | Grams |
|---|---|---|
| 1/8 | .7 | |
| 1/4 | .25 | 1.4 |
| 3/8 | 2.1 | |
| 1/2 | .5 | 2.8 |
| 5/8 | 3.6 | |
| 3/4 | .75 | 4.3 |
| 7/8 | 5 | |
| 1 | 1 | 5.7 |
Seeds and herbs should be adjusted in proportion to the flour. I don’t measured down to the gram. Oils, sugar and and sweet fluids should be adjusted too, without trying to weigh them. It is worth being aware of water in milk, eggs, honey, maple syrup, molasses, and other syrup of sugar and other ingredients dissolved or suspended in water. Conversion factors are not always easy to find; and sources may disgree or only apply to some varieties of an ingredient, or to a brand of a commodity. I have a list, also found in the post Measuring & Conversion.
| Ingredient | Volume US Units | Metric | US Weight | Water content | Brand; notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *Food Facts label value, not checked | ||||
| Wheat Flours | ||||
| Bread Flour (USA) or All Purpose White Flour (Canada) | 1 cup | 139 g. | 5 oz. | drag-scooped, typical; Rogers Foods Unbleached [BC Brand] |
|
| Whole Wheat Flour | 1 cup | 139 g. (120 g. nominal) | drag-scooped, typical; Rogers Whole Grain WW |
|
| Whole Wheat Flour | 1 cup | 120 g.* | Anita's Organic Mill | |
| Atta Durum blend for flatbreads | 1 cup | 120 g.* | Golden Temple | |
| Spelt Flour | 1 cup | 120 g. | 4.2 oz. | typical | |
| Spelt Flour | 1 cup | 118 g. | True Grain Organic SG, sifted (BC brand) | |
| Spelt Flour | 1 cup | next? | ||
| Other flour & Meal | ||||
| Rye flour | 120 g. | 4.2 oz. | nominal/typical | ||
| Dark Rye Flour | 1 cup | 124 g. (nominal 120 g.) | Rogers Dark Rye | |
| Rye Flour | 1 cup | 120 g. | Anita's Organic Mill | |
| Buckwheat Flour | 1 cup | 130 g. | Nunweiler's | |
| Besan (Chickpea Flour) | 1 cup | 92 g. | Teja | |
| Bulgur | 1 cup | 140 g. | typical | |
| Cracked Wheat | 1 cup | 140 g. | typical |
|
| Cracked Wheat | 1 cup | 124 g. | Teja | |
| Dry, Soluble | ||||
| Vital Wheat Gluten | 1 cup | 120 g. | typical | |
| 1 tbsp. | 7.5 g. | |||
| Sugar, white granulated | 1 tbsp. | 12.5 g, | ||
| Sugar, brown | 1tbsp. | 14 g. | ||
| Nonfat (Skim) Milk Powder | 1 cup | 96 g. | ||
| 1 tbsp. | 6 g. | |||
| Salt & Yeast | ||||
| (Table) Salt | 1 tsp | 5.7 g. | Regular; not fine grain | |
| Instant Dry Yeast | 1 tsp | 2.8 g. | ||
| Active Dry Yeast | 1 tsp | 2.4 g. | ||
| Active Dry Yeast | 1 "packet" | 7 g. | .25 oz. (2.25 tsp.) | Older recipes 2.5 tsp. |
|
| Water-Fluids | ||||
| Water | 1 cup | 237 g. | ||
| Skim Milk | 1 cup | 245 g. | 223 g. | |
| 1 % Milk | 1 cup | 244 g. | 219 g. | |
| 2 % Milk | 1 cup | 244 g. | 218 g. | |
| Whole Milk | 1 cup | 244 g. | 215 g. | |
| Buttermilk | 1 cup | 245 g. | 215 g. | |
| Evaporated milk | 1 cup | 256 g. | 203 g. | |
| Butter | 1 tbsp. | 14 g. | 2 g. | |
| Egg, large | 1 | 57 g.* | 36 g.* | Canada standard average |
| Molasses | 1 tbsp. | 21 g. | 4.5 g. | |
| Honey | 1 tbsp. | 20 g. | 4 g. | |
| Maple Syrup | 1 tbsp. | 20 g. | 6.5 g. |